1. Match each person with the correct idea.

A. Peter Toohey

B. Thomas Goetz

C. John Eastwood

D. Francoise Wemelsfelder

a. The way we live today may encourage boredom. 

b. One sort of boredom is worse than all the others. 

c. Levels of boredom may fall in the future. 

d. Trying to cope with boredom can increase its negative effects. 

e. Boredom may encourage us to avoid an unpleasant experience.

2. Fill in the blanks.

For John Eastwood, the central feature of boredom is that people cannot                , due to a failure in what he calls ~q~attention system~q~,and as a result they become frustrated and irritable. His team suggests that those for whom                 is an important aim in life may have problems in coping with boredom, whereas those who have the characteristic of                 can generally cope with it.

Why being bored is stimulating-and useful, too

This most common of emotions is turning out to be more interesting than we thought

为什么无聊具有激励作用以及很有必要

无聊这种最常见的情绪竟比我们想象的更有趣

We all know how it feels-it~q~s impossible to keep your mind on anything, time stretches out, and all the things you could do seem equally unlikely to make you feel better. 

But defining boredom so that it can be studied in the lab has proved difficult. 

For a start, it can include a lot of other mental states, such as frustration, apathy, depression and indifference. There isn~q~t even agreement over whether boredom is always a low-energy, flat kind of emotion or whether feeling agitated and restless counts as boredom, too. 

我们都熟悉这种感觉-精力无法集中，度日如年，事事都无法让你打起精神。

但事实证明，我们很难定义厌倦情绪，以便在实验室中进行深入研究。

首先，厌倦可能包含大量其他心理状态，如挫败感、淡漠、抑郁和无所谓。厌倦是否总是无精打采的、枯燥的，或者焦躁不安、不耐烦是否可以称得上厌倦，这些都尚未有定论。

In his book, Boredom: A Lively History, Peter Toohey at the University of Calgary, Canada, compares it to disgust - an emotion that motivates us to stay away from certain situations. 

~q~If disgust protects humans from infection, boredom may protect them from "infectious" social situations, ~q~ he suggests.

在《无聊：一段鲜活历史》一书中，来自加拿大卡尔加里大学的作者彼得·图希将无聊与厌恶(一种激发我们避免陷入某特定状况的情绪)进行了对比。

“如果厌恶保护人类免受真菌疾病的感染，那么无聊则能够保护人类免受‘传染性’社交状况的感染”，作者这样写道。

By asking people about their experiences of boredom, Thomas Goetz and his team at the University of Konstanz in Germany have recently identified five distinct types: indifferent, calibrating, searching, reactant and apathetic. These can be plotted on two axes- one running left to right, which measures low to high arousal, and the other from top to bottom, which measures how positive or negative the feeling is. 

德国康斯坦茨大学的汤玛斯.戈茨及其团队通过询问人们对于无聊的体验，将这种情绪分成了5个迥异的类别：全无所谓，校准，有所期待，反应过激，无动于衷。这5个类别可以标绘在坐标轴里：横轴由左至右，代表从低到高的情绪唤醒程度，纵轴从上到下，代表从积极到消极的程度。

Intriguingly, Goetz has found that while people experience all kinds of boredom, they tend to specialize in one. 

Of the five types, the most damaging is ~q~reactant, boredom with its explosive combination of high arousal and negative emotion. 

The most useful is what Goetz calls ‘indifferent’ boredom: someone isn~q~t engaged in anything satisfying but still feels relaxed and calm. 

However, it remains to be seen whether there are any character traits that predict the kind of boredom each of us might be prone to.

有趣的是，戈茨发现虽然人们会经历各种类别的无聊情绪，但每个人分别倾向于发展某一种类别。

在这5种类别中，最有破坏性的是“反应过激”类无聊情绪，它有着爆发性的高唤醒度和负面情绪。

而最有用的类别是被Goetz称作“全无所谓”的无聊：此时人们并没做什么有满足感的事情，却依然放松而平静。

尽管如此，个人的性格特质是否能决定我们每个人可能容易出现的无聊类型，依然有待考证。

Psychologist Sandi Mann at the University of Central Lancashire, UK, goes further. 

~q~All emotions are there for a reason, including boredom, ~q~ she says. Mann has found that being bored makes us more creative. ~q~We~q~re all afraid of being bored but in actual fact it can lead to all kinds of amazing things, she says. 

In experiments published last year, Mann found that people who had been made to feel bored by copying numbers out of the phone book for 15 minutes came up with more creative ideas about how to use a polystyrene cup than a control group. 

Mann concluded that a passive, boring activity is best for creativity because it allows the mind to wander. In fact, she goes so far as to suggest that we should seek out more boredom in our lives.

英国中央兰开夏大学的心理学家桑迪.曼将这一理论进一步延伸。

她说："所有情绪的存在都是有原因的，包括厌倦"。Mann发现厌倦让我们更富创造力。“我们都害怕厌倦，但事实上，它能引领我们做很了不起的事情”，她说。

在去年发表的一项实验中，曼发现，在如何使用纸杯的问题上，那些被要求花15分钟从电话簿上抄号码的人比对照组想出的创意更多。

曼恩的结论是：消极、无聊的活动最有利于创造力，因为它能让你的思维发散。事实上，她甚至建议我们应该在生活中寻找更多的无聊。

Psychologist John Eastwood at York University in Toronto, Canada, isn~q~t convinced. ~q~If you are in a state of mind-wandering, you are not bored, ~q~ he says. ~q~In my view, by definition boredom is an undesirable state. ~q~ That doesn~q~t necessarily mean that it isn~q~t adaptive, he adds. ~q~Pain is adaptive-if we didn~q~t have physical pain, bad things would happen to us. Does that mean that we should actively cause pain? No. But even if boredom has evolved to help us survive, it can still be toxic if allowed to fester. 

加拿大多伦多约克大学的心理学教授约翰·伊斯特伍德不同意她的理论，“如果你的神志处于游离的状态，那你就不是无聊的。”他说，“在我的概念里，无聊是一种不受欢迎的情绪。”当然这也不一定意味着它是非适应性的，他补充道。“疼痛具有适应性-如果没有生理痛感，我们可能会陷入麻烦。但这是要我们主动去触发疼痛吗?不是。但尽管无聊情绪进化出来是为了帮助我们生存下去，若是由着它恶化，它一样是有害的。”

For Eastwood, the central feature of boredom is a failure to put our attention system into gear. This causes an inability to focus on anything, which makes time seem to go painfully slowly. 

What~q~s more, your efforts to improve the situation can end up making you feel worse. ~q~People try to connect with the world and if they are not successful there~q~s that frustration and irritability,~q~ he says. 

Perhaps most worryingly, says Eastwood, repeatedly failing to engage attention can lead to a state where we don~q~t know what to do any more, and no longer care.

对于伊斯特伍德来讲，无聊情绪最核心的特质是阻止我们的“注意力系统”正常运转。这导致我们无法集中精力做任何事，而时间流逝也因此缓慢得令人难以忍受。

更严重的是，你若试图改变现状，最终会让情况变得更糟。“人们尝试着去和这个世界建立联系，如果他们失敗了, 等待他们的是挫敗感和暴怒，”他说。

而令人担忧的可能是，伊斯特伍德说，试图集中精神却总是徒劳，会导致我们走到—个不知何以为继的状态，并且也毫不在意了。

Eastwood~q~s team is now trying to explore why the attention system fails. It~q~s early days but they think that at least some of it comes down to personality. Boredom proneness has been linked with a variety of traits. People who are motivated by pleasure seem to suffer particularly badly. Other personality traits, such as curiosity, are associated with a high boredom threshold. More evidence that boredom has detrimental effects comes from studies of people who are more or less prone to boredom. 

伊斯特伍德的团队现在正在研究为何我们无法集中注意力。虽然还处于调研的初级阶段，但他们认为至少有一部分原因在于性格。无聊的出现与一系列的性格特征相关联。那些寻欢作乐的人群尤其容易遭殃。拥有其他性格特征的人，如好奇心强的人，较不容易产生无聊情绪。对于无聊的有害性，更多的证据来自对那些或多或少容易产生无聊情绪的人的研究。

It seems those who bore easily face poorer prospects in education, their career and even life in general. But of course, boredom itself cannot kill - it`s the things we do to deal with it that may put us in danger. What can we do to alleviate it before it comes to that? Goetz`s group has one suggestion. Working with teenagers, they found that those who `approach` a boring situation - in other words, see that it`s boring and get stuck in anyway - report less boredom than those who try to avoid it by using snacks, TV or social media for distraction.

看上去更易受到无聊影响的人，在教育、事业，甚至人生方面的前景更加暗淡。但当然，无聊本身并不会出人命，而是我们应对无聊的方式会致我们于险境。但在产生无聊情绪之前，我们能如何减轻这些状况呢?戈茨的团队有这样一个建议。他们通过调查研究青少年的行为发现，那些主动去“接近”一种无聊情形的人(换句话说就是明知这个事情很无聊，还是选择投身其中的人)，其厌倦程度会比那些尝试用吃零食、看电视或用社交媒体来转移注意力的人要低。  

Psychologist Francoise Wemelsfelder speculates that our over-connected lifestyles might even be a new source of boredom. `In modern human society there is a lot of overstimulation but still a lot of problems finding meaning, she says. So instead of seeking yet more mental stimulation, perhaps we should leave our phones alone, and use boredom to motivate us to engage with the world in a more meaningful way.

心理学家弗朗索瓦丝猜测，交互过密的生活方式可能是厌倦感的新源头。“当今社会有越来越多的过度刺激，也导致了越来越多的问题。”她说。所以，比起寻找更多的精神刺激，或许我们应当把手机放一边，用厌倦来驱使我们用更有意义的方式参与到世界中来。

The Film

电影

- THE END -